Picture quality oriented rate control for low-latency streaming applications

ABSTRACT

A derived quantization parameter for a section of a currently encoding picture of a plurality of pictures is incremented to produce an updated quantization parameter when the derived quantization parameter is less than a minimum quantization parameter for the currently encoding picture. The section is then encoded using the updated quantization parameter. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This application claims the priority benefit of commonly-assigned,co-pending U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/057,112, filedSep. 29, 2014, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated hereinby reference.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

Aspects of the present disclosure are related to encoding of digitaldata for streaming applications. In particular, the present disclosureis related to rate control for streaming applications.

BACKGROUND

Digital signal compression (sometimes referred to as video coding orvideo encoding) is widely used in many multimedia applications anddevices. Digital signal compression using a coder/decoder (codec) allowsstreaming media, such as audio or video signals to be transmitted overthe Internet or stored on compact discs. A number of different standardsof digital video compression have emerged, including H.261, H.263; DV;MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, VC1; AVC (H.264), and HEVC (H.265). Thesestandards, as well as other video compression technologies, seek toefficiently represent a video frame picture by eliminating the spatialand temporal redundancies in the picture and among successive pictures.Through the use of such compression standards, video contents can becarried in highly compressed video bit streams, and thus efficientlystored in disks or transmitted over networks.

It is within this context that aspects of the present disclosure arise.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The teachings of the present disclosure can be readily understood byconsidering the following detailed description in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating one possible division of astreaming data picture within the context of aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 2A is a flow diagram illustrating digital picture encoding that maybe used in conjunction with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2B is a block diagram illustrating a system having an encoder andrate controller that may be used in conjunction with aspects of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 2C is a graph illustrating a general relationship between bitrate,quantization parameter (QP) and complexity in a rate control algorithmthat may be used in conjunction with aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram illustrating an example of a possible processflow in streaming data decoding that may be used in conjunction withaspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating picture quality oriented ratecontrol adjustment according to aspects of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an apparatus for encoding and/ordecoding a digital picture configured to implement picture qualityoriented rate control adjustment according to aspects of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram depicting a graphics rendering systemaccording to aspects of the present disclosure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Although the following detailed description contains many specificdetails for the purposes of illustration, anyone of ordinary skill inthe art will appreciate that many variations and alterations to thefollowing details are within the scope of the invention. Accordingly,the exemplary embodiments of the invention described below are set forthwithout any loss of generality to, and without imposing limitationsupon, the claimed invention.

Introduction

Aspects of the present disclosure are directed to picture qualityoriented rate control for low latency streaming applications, such asonline video gaming.

Before describing picture quality oriented rate control in accordancewith aspects of the present disclosure, it is useful to understand howdigital pictures, e.g., video pictures are encoded for streamingapplications. Furthermore, it is useful to understand how encodedstreaming digital picture data is decode, since the manner in which apicture or portion of a picture is encoded affects how it is to bedecoded.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, as shown in FIG. 1, asingle picture 100 (e.g., a digital video frame) may be broken down intoone or more sections. As used herein, the term “section” can refer to agroup of one or more pixels within the picture 100. A section can rangefrom a single pixel within the picture, up to the whole picture.Non-limiting examples of sections include slices (e.g., macroblock rows)102, macroblocks 104, sub-macroblocks 106, blocks 108 and individualpixels 110. Other examples include Coding Tree Blocks (CTB) and othersection types that are specific to the HEVC (H.265) coding standard. Asillustrated in FIG. 1, each slice 102 contains one or more rows ofmacroblocks 104 or portions of one or more such rows. The number ofmacroblocks in a row depends on the size of the macroblocks and the sizeand resolution of the picture 100. For example, if each macroblockcontains sixteen by sixteen pixels then the number of macroblocks ineach row may be determined by dividing the width of the picture 100 (inpixels) by sixteen. Each macroblock 104 may be broken down into a numberof sub-macroblocks 106. Each sub-macroblock 106 may be broken down intoa number of blocks 108 and each block may contain a number of pixels110. By way of example, and without limitation of the invention, in acommon video coding scheme, each macroblock 104 may be broken down intofour sub-macroblocks 106. Each sub-macroblock may be broken down intofour blocks 108 and each block may contain a four by four arrangement ofsixteen pixels 110.

It is noted that each picture may be either a frame or a field. A framerefers to a complete image. A field is a portion of an image used for tofacilitate displaying the image on certain types of display devices.Generally, the pixels in an image are arranged in rows. To facilitatedisplay an image may sometimes be split by putting alternate rows ofpixels into two different fields. The rows of pixels in the two fieldscan then be interlaced to form the complete image. For some displaydevices, such as cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, the two fields maysimply be displayed one after the other in rapid succession. Theafterglow of the phosphors or other light emitting elements used toilluminate the pixels in the display combined with the persistence ofvision results in the two fields being perceived as a continuous image.For certain display devices, such as liquid crystal displays, it may benecessary to interlace the two fields into a single picture before beingdisplayed. Streaming data representing encoded images typically includesinformation indicating whether the image is a field or a frame. Suchinformation may be included in a header to the image.

Modern video coder/decoders (codecs), such as MPEG2, MPEG4 and H.264generally encode video frames as one of three basic types known asIntra-Frames, Predictive Frames and Bipredicitve Frames, which aretypically referred to as I-frames, P-frames and B-frames respectively.

An I-frame is a picture coded without reference to any picture exceptitself. I-frames are used for random access and are used as referencesfor the decoding of other P-frames or B-frames. I-frames may begenerated by an encoder to create random access points (to allow adecoder to start decoding properly from scratch at a given picturelocation). I-frames may be generated when differentiating image detailsprohibit generation of effective P or B frames. Because an I-framecontains a complete picture, I-frames typically require more bits toencode than P-frames or B-frames. Video frames are often encoded asI-frames when a scene change is detected in the input video.

P-frames require the prior decoding of some other picture(s) in order tobe decoded. P-frames typically require fewer bits for encoding thanI-frames. A P-frame contains encoded information regarding differencesrelative to a previous I-frame in decoding order. A P-frame typicallyreferences the preceding I-frame in a Group of Pictures (GoP). P-framesmay contain both image data and motion vector displacements andcombinations of the two. In some standard codecs (such as MPEG-2),P-frames use only one previously-decoded picture as a reference duringdecoding, and require that picture to also precede the P-frame indisplay order. In H.264, P-frames can use multiple previously-decodedpictures as references during decoding, and can have any arbitrarydisplay-order relationship relative to the picture(s) used for itsprediction.

B-frames require the prior decoding of either an I-frame or a P-frame inorder to be decoded. Like P-frames, B-frames may contain both image dataand motion vector displacements and/or combinations of the two. B-framesmay include some prediction modes that form a prediction of a motionregion (e.g., a segment of a frame such as a macroblock or a smallerarea) by averaging the predictions obtained using two differentpreviously-decoded reference regions. In some codecs (such as MPEG-2),B-frames are never used as references for the prediction of otherpictures. As a result, a lower quality encoding (resulting in the use offewer bits than would otherwise be used) can be used for such B picturesbecause the loss of detail will not harm the prediction quality forsubsequent pictures. In other codecs, such as H.264, B-frames may or maynot be used as references for the decoding of other pictures (at thediscretion of the encoder). In H.264, there are two types of B-frame, areference B-frame and non-reference B-frame. A reference B-frame can beused as a reference frame for B-frame coding and a non-reference B-framecannot. Some codecs (such as MPEG-2), use exactly two previously-decodedpictures as references during decoding, and require one of thosepictures to precede the B-frame picture in display order and the otherone to follow it. In other codecs, such as H.264, a B-frame can use one,two, or more than two previously-decoded pictures as references duringdecoding, and can have any arbitrary display-order relationship relativeto the picture(s) used for its prediction. B-frames typically requirefewer bits for encoding than either I-frames or P-frames.

As used herein, the terms I-frame, B-frame and P-frame may be applied toany streaming data units that have similar properties to I-frames,B-frames and P-frames, e.g., as described above with respect to thecontext of streaming video.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, digital pictures may beencoded according to a generalized method 200 as illustrated in FIG. 2A.The encoder receives a plurality of digital images 201 and encodes eachimage. Encoding of the digital picture 201 may proceed on asection-by-section basis. The encoding process for each section mayoptionally involve padding 202, image compression 204 and motioncompensation 206. To facilitate a common process flow for bothintra-coded and inter-coded pictures, all un-decoded pixels within acurrently processing picture 201 may be padded with temporary pixelvalues to produce a padded picture, as indicated at 202. The padding mayproceed, e.g., as described above in U.S. Pat. No. 8,711,933, which isincorporated herein by reference. The padded picture may be added to alist of reference pictures 203 stored in a buffer. Padding the pictureat 202 facilitates the use of a currently-processing picture as areference picture in subsequent processing during image compression 204and motion compensation 206. Such padding is described in detail incommonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 8,218,641, which is incorporated hereinby reference.

As used herein, image compression refers to the application of datacompression to digital images. The objective of the image compression204 is to reduce redundancy of the image data for a give image 201 inorder to be able to store or transmit the data for that image in anefficient form of compressed data. The image compression 204 may belossy or lossless. Lossless compression is sometimes preferred forartificial images such as technical drawings, icons or comics. This isbecause lossy compression methods, especially when used at low bitrates, introduce compression artifacts. Lossless compression methods mayalso be preferred for high value content, such as medical imagery orimage scans made for archival purposes. Lossy methods are especiallysuitable for natural images such as photos in applications where minor(sometimes imperceptible) loss of fidelity is acceptable to achieve asubstantial reduction in bit rate.

Examples of methods for lossless image compression include, but are notlimited to Run-length encoding—used as default method in PCX and as oneof possible in BMP, TGA, TIFF, Entropy coding, adaptive dictionaryalgorithms such as LZW—used in GIF and TIFF and deflation—used in PNG,MNG and TIFF. Examples of methods for lossy compression include reducingthe color space of a picture 201 to the most common colors in the image,Chroma subsampling, transform coding, and fractal compression.

In color space reduction, the selected colors may be specified in thecolor palette in the header of the compressed image. Each pixel justreferences the index of a color in the color palette. This method can becombined with dithering to avoid posterization. Chroma subsampling takesadvantage of the fact that the eye perceives brightness more sharplythan color, by dropping half or more of the chrominance information inthe image. Transform coding is perhaps the most commonly used imagecompression method. Transform coding typically applies a Fourier-relatedtransform such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT) or the wavelettransform, followed by quantization and entropy coding. Fractalcompression relies on the fact that in certain images, parts of theimage resemble other parts of the same image. Fractal algorithms convertthese parts, or more precisely, geometric shapes into mathematical datacalled “fractal codes” which are used to recreate the encoded image.

The image compression 204 may include region of interest coding in whichcertain parts of the image 201 are encoded with higher quality thanothers. This can be combined with scalability, which involves encodingcertain parts of an image first and others later. Compressed data cancontain information about the image (sometimes referred to as metainformation or metadata) which can be used to categorize, search orbrowse images. Such information can include color and texturestatistics, small preview images and author/copyright information.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, during imagecompression at 204 the encoder may search for the best way to compress ablock of pixels. The encoder can search all of the reference pictures inthe reference picture list 203, including the currently padded picture,for a good match. If the current picture (or subsection) is coded as anintra picture, (or subsection) only the padded picture is available inthe reference list. The image compression at 204 produces a motionvector MV and transform coefficients 207 that are subsequently usedalong with one or more of the reference pictures (including the paddedpicture) during motion compensation at 206.

The image compression 204 generally includes a motion search MS for abest inter prediction match, an intra search IS for a best intraprediction match, an inter/intra comparison C to decide whether thecurrent macroblock is inter-coded or intra-coded, a subtraction S of theoriginal input pixels from the section being encoded with best matchpredicted pixels to calculate lossless residual pixels 205. The residualpixels then undergo a transform and quantization XQ to produce transformcoefficients 207. The transform is typically based on a Fouriertransform, such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT).

The transform outputs a set of coefficients, each of which is aweighting value for a standard basis pattern. When combined, theweighted basis patterns re-create the block of residual samples. Theoutput of the transform, a block of transform coefficients, isquantized, i.e. each coefficient is divided by an integer value.Quantization reduces the precision of the transform coefficientsaccording to a quantization parameter (QP). Typically, the result is ablock in which most or all of the coefficients are zero, with a fewnon-zero coefficients. Setting QP to a high value means that morecoefficients are set to zero, resulting in high compression at theexpense of poor decoded image quality. For a low QP value, more non-zerocoefficients remain after quantization, resulting in better decodedimage quality but lower compression. Conversely, for a high QP value,fewer non-zero coefficients remain after quantization, resulting inhigher image compression but lower image quality.

Since QP controls bit usage in encoding, many encoding programs utilizea rate controller that adjusts QP in order to achieve a desired bitrate.The use of such a rate controller may be understood by referring to FIG.2B and FIG. 2C. As seen in FIG. 2B, a video encoding system 220 mayinclude an encoder 222 and a rate controller 224. The encoder receivesuncompressed source data (e.g., an input video) and produces compressedoutput. The encoder 222 may be configured to implement the coding method200 depicted in FIG. 2A. As noted above, the video coding method 200uses a QP value that affects the bit usage for encoding a video sectionand therefore affects the bitrate. Generally, lower bit usage results ina higher bitrate. The rate controller 224 determines a QP value based ona demanded bitrate, which may be specified by an external application.The encoder 222 uses the QP value determined by the rate controller anddetermines the actual resulting bit usage and bit rate. The ratecontroller 224 can use the actual bit rate to adjust the QP value in afeedback loop.

A relationship between the bitrate and the value of the QP dependspartly on the complexity of the image being encoded, as shown in FIG.2C. The bitrate versus QP relationship can be expressed in terms of aset of curves with different curves for different levels of complexity.The heart of the algorithm implemented by the rate controller is aquantitative model describing a relationship between QP, actual bitrateand some measure of complexity, e.g., as depicted in FIG. 2C. Therelevant bitrate and complexity are generally associated only with thedifferences between source pixels and predicted pixels (often referredto as residuals) because the quantization parameter QP can onlyinfluence the detail of information carried in the transformedresiduals.

Complexity generally refers to amount of spatial variation within apicture or part of the picture. On a local level, e.g., block ormacroblock level, the spatial variation may be measured by the varianceof the pixel values within the relevant section. However, for a videosequence, complexity may also relate to the temporal variation of ascene of a sequence of images. For example, a video sequence consists ofone object having substantial spatial variation that translates slowlyacross the field of view, may not require very many bits becausetemporal prediction can easily capture the motion using a singlereference picture and a series of motion vectors. Although it isdifficult to define an inclusive video complexity metric that is alsoeasy to calculate, the Mean Average Difference (MAD) of the predictionerror (difference between source pixel value and predicted pixel value)is often used for this purpose.

It is noted that the quantization parameter QP may be determined frommultiple factors including, but not limited to the picture type of thesource picture, a complexity of the source picture, an estimated targetnumber of bits and an underlying rate distortion model. For example, QPmay be determined on a section-by-section basis using a variation for asection of the currently encoding picture, e.g., a section (e.g., MB)variance. Alternatively, QP for a currently encoding section may bedetermined using an actual bit count for encoding a co-located section(e.g., MB) in a previous frame. Examples of such QP level calculationsare described, e.g., in commonly assigned U.S. Patent ApplicationPublication No. 2011/0051806, to Hung-Ju Lee, which is incorporatedherein by reference.

Motion search and prediction depend on the type of picture beingencoded. Referring again to FIG. 2A, if an intra picture is to be coded,the motion search MS and inter/intra comparison C are turned off.However, in embodiments of the present invention, since the paddedpicture is available as a reference, these functions are not turned off.Consequently, the image compression 204 is the same for intra-codedpictures and inter-coded pictures.

The motion search MS may generate a motion vector MV by searching thepicture 201 for a best matching block or macroblock for motioncompensation as is normally done for an inter-coded picture. If thecurrent picture 201 is an intra-coded picture, by contrast, existingcodecs typically do not allow prediction across pictures. Instead allmotion compensation is normally turned off for an intra picture (e.g.,I-frame) and the picture coded by generating transform coefficients andperforming pixel prediction. In some implementations, however, an intrapicture may be used to do inter prediction by matching a section in thecurrent picture to another offset section within that same picture. Theoffset between the two sections may be coded as a motion vector MV′ thatcan be used that for motion compensation at 206. By way of example, theencoder may attempt to match a block or macroblock in an intra picturewith some other offset section in the same picture then code the offsetbetween the two as a motion vector. The codec's ordinary motion vectorcompensation for an “inter” picture may then be used to do motion vectorcompensation on an “intra” picture. Certain existing codecs havefunctions that can convert an offset between two blocks or macroblocksinto a motion vector, which can be followed to do motion compensation at206. However, these functions are conventionally turned off for encodingof intra pictures. In embodiments of the present invention, the codecmay be instructed not to turn off such “inter” picture functions forencoding of intra pictures.

As used herein, motion compensation refers to a technique for describinga picture in terms of the transformation of a reference image to acurrently processing image. In general, the motion compensation 206 actsas a local decoder within the encoder implementing the encoding process200. Specifically, the motion compensation 206 includes inter predictionIP1 and (optionally) intra prediction IP2 to get predicted pixels PPusing the motion vector MV or MV′ from the image compression 204 andreference pixels from a picture in the reference list. Inversequantization and inverse transformation IQX using the transformcoefficients 207 from the image compression 204 produce lossy residualpixels 205L which are added to the predicted pixels PP to generatedecoded pixels 209. The decoded pixels 209 are inserted into thereference picture and are available for use in image compression 204 andmotion compensation 206 for a subsequent section of thecurrently-processing picture 201. After the decoded pixels have beeninserted, un-decoded pixels in the reference picture may undergo padding202.

In a conventional encoder, if the current picture is intra coded, theinter-prediction portions of motion compensation 206 are turned offbecause there are no other pictures that can be used for motioncompensation. However, in embodiments of the present invention, bycontrast, motion compensation may be performed on any picture 201independent of whether a particular picture is to be inter-coded orintra-coded. In embodiments of the present invention, the encoderimplementing the method 200 may be modified to add the padded picture tothe reference picture list 203 and the inter-prediction portions of themotion compensation 206 are not turned off, even if the currentlyprocessing image is to be intra coded. As a result, the process flow forboth inter coded sections and intra coded sections is the same duringmotion compensation 206. The only major difference is the selection ofthe reference picture to be used for encoding.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, in one type of motioncompensation, known as block motion compensation (BMC), each image maybe partitioned into blocks of pixels (e.g. macroblocks of 16×16 pixels).Each block is predicted from a block of equal size in the referenceframe. The blocks are not transformed in any way apart from beingshifted to the position of the predicted block. This shift isrepresented by a motion vector MV. To exploit the redundancy betweenneighboring block vectors, (e.g. for a single moving object covered bymultiple blocks) it is common to encode only the difference between acurrent and previous motion vector in a bit-stream. The result of thisdifferencing process is mathematically equivalent to a global motioncompensation capable of panning. Further down the encoding pipeline, themethod 200 may optionally use entropy coding 208 to take advantage ofthe resulting statistical distribution of the motion vectors around thezero vector to reduce the output size.

It is possible to shift a block by a non-integer number of pixels, whichis called sub-pixel precision. The in-between pixels are generated byinterpolating neighboring pixels. Commonly, half-pixel or quarter pixelprecision is used. The computational expense of sub-pixel precision ismuch higher due to the extra processing required for interpolation andon the encoder side, a much greater number of potential source blocks tobe evaluated.

Block motion compensation divides up a currently encoding image intonon-overlapping blocks, and computes a motion compensation vector thatindicates where those blocks come from in a reference image. Thereference blocks typically overlap in the source frame. Some videocompression algorithms assemble the current image out of pieces ofseveral different reference images in the reference image list 203.

The result of the image compression 204 and motion compensation 206 and(optionally) entropy coding 208 is a set of data 211 referred to forconvenience as a coded picture. The motion vector MV, (and/or intraprediction mode motion vector MV′) and transform coefficients 207 may beincluded in the coded picture 211. Once a digital picture or other formof streaming data has been encoded, the encoded data may be transmittedand then decoded.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a possible process flow in a method 300for decoding of streaming data 301 that may be used in conjunction withaspects of the present disclosure. This particular example shows theprocess flow for video decoding, e.g., using the AVC (H.264) standard.The coded streaming data 301 may initially be stored in a buffer. Wherecoded streaming data 301 (e.g., a video data bitstream) has beentransferred over a network, e.g., the Internet, the data 301 mayinitially undergo a process referred to as network abstraction layer(NAL) decoding, indicated at 302. The Network Abstraction Layer (NAL) isa part of streaming data standards, such as the H.264/AVC and HEVC videocoding standards. The main goal of the NAL is the provision of a“network-friendly” representation of streaming data for “conversational”(e.g., video telephony) and “non-conversational” (storage, broadcast, orstreaming) applications. NAL decoding may remove from the data 301information added to assist in transmitting the data. Such information,referred to as a “network wrapper” may identify the data 201 as videodata or indicate a beginning or end of a bitstream, bits for alignmentof data, and/or metadata about the video data itself.

In addition, by way of example, the network wrapper may includeinformation about the data 301 including, e.g., resolution, picturedisplay format, color palette transform matrix for displaying the data,information on the number of bits in each picture, slice or macroblock,as well as information used in lower level decoding, e.g., dataindicating the beginning or ending of a slice. This information may beused to determine the number of macroblocks to pass to each of the taskgroups in a single section. Due to its complexity, NAL decoding istypically done on a picture and slice level. The smallest NAL bufferused for NAL decoding is usually slice sized. The example illustrated inFIG. 3 is described in terms of macroblocks and the AVC (H.265)standard. However, these are not limiting features of aspects of thepresent disclosure. For example, in the latest H265 (HEVC) standard,there is no macroblock concept. Instead, more flexible Coding Unit (CU),Prediction Unit, (PU), Transform Unit (TU) concepts are introduced.Aspects of the present disclosure may be operate in conjunction withsuch coding standards.

In some embodiments, after NAL decoding at 302, the remaining decodingillustrated in FIG. 4 may be implemented in three different threadgroups or task groups referred to herein as video coded layer (VCL)decoding 304, motion vector (MV) reconstruction 310 and picturereconstruction 314. The picture reconstruction task group 214 mayinclude pixel prediction and reconstruction 316 and post processing 320.In some embodiments of the present invention, these tasks groups may bechosen based on data dependencies such that each task group may completeits processing of all the macroblocks in a picture (e.g., frame orfield) or section before the macroblocks are sent to the next task groupfor subsequent processing.

Certain coding standards may use a form of data compression thatinvolves transformation of the pixel information from a spatial domainto a frequency domain. One such transform, among others, is known as adiscrete cosine transform (DCT). The decoding process for suchcompressed data involves the inverse transformation from the frequencydomain back to the spatial domain. In the case of data compressed usingDCT, the inverse process is known as inverse discrete cosinetransformation (IDCT). The transformed data is sometimes quantized toreduce the number of bits used to represent numbers in the discretetransformed data. For example, numbers 1, 2, 3 may all be mapped to 2and numbers 4, 5, 6 may all be mapped to 5. To decompress the data aprocess known as inverse quantization (IQ) is used before performing theinverse transform from the frequency domain to the spatial domain. Thedata dependencies for the VCL IQ/IDCT decoding process 304 are typicallyat the macroblock level for macroblocks within the same slice.Consequently results produced by the VCL decoding process 304 may bebuffered at the macroblock level.

VCL decoding 304 often includes a process referred to as EntropyDecoding 306, which is used to decode the VCL syntax. Many codecs, suchas AVC(H.264), use a layer of encoding referred to as entropy encoding.Entropy encoding is a coding scheme that assigns codes to signals so asto match code lengths with the probabilities of the signals. Typically,entropy encoders are used to compress data by replacing symbolsrepresented by equal-length codes with symbols represented by codesproportional to the negative logarithm of the probability. AVC(H.264)supports two entropy encoding schemes, Context Adaptive Variable LengthCoding (CAVLC) and Context Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC).Since CABAC tends to offer about 10% more compression than CAVLC, CABACis favored by many video encoders in generating AVC(H.264) bitstreams.Decoding the entropy layer of AVC(H.264)-coded data streams can becomputationally intensive and may present challenges for devices thatdecode AVC(H.264)-coded bitstreams using general purposemicroprocessors. For this reason, many systems use a hardware decoderaccelerator.

In addition to Entropy Decoding 306, the VCL decoding process 304 mayinvolve inverse quantization (IQ) and/or inverse discrete cosinetransformation (IDCT) as indicated at 308. These processes may decodethe headers 309 and data from macroblocks. The decoded headers 309 maybe used to assist in VCL decoding of neighboring macroblocks.

VCL decoding 304 may be implemented at a macroblock level datadependency frequency. Specifically, different macroblocks within thesame slice may undergo VCL decoding in parallel and the results may besent to the motion vector reconstruction task group 210 for furtherprocessing.

Subsequently, all macroblocks in the picture or section may undergomotion vector reconstruction 310. The MV reconstruction process 310 mayinvolve motion vector reconstruction 312 using headers from a givenmacroblock 311 and/or co-located macroblock headers 313. A motion vectordescribes apparent motion within a picture. Such motion vectors allowreconstruction of a picture (or portion thereof) based on knowledge ofthe pixels of a prior picture and the relative motion of those pixelsfrom picture to picture. Once the motion vector has been recoveredpixels may be reconstructed at 316 using a process based on residualpixels from the VCL decoding process 304 and motion vectors from the MVreconstruction process 310. The data dependency frequency (and level ofparallelism) for the MV depends on whether the MV reconstruction process310 involves co-located macroblocks from other pictures. For MVreconstruction not involving co-located MB headers from other picturesthe MV reconstruction process 310 may be implemented in parallel at theslice level or picture level. For MV reconstruction involving co-locatedMB headers the data dependency frequency is at the picture level and theMV reconstruction process 310 may be implemented with parallelism at theslice level.

The results of motion vector reconstruction 310 are sent to the picturereconstruction task group 314, which may be parallelized on a picturefrequency level. Within the picture reconstruction task group 314 allmacroblocks in the picture or section may undergo pixel prediction andreconstruction 316 in conjunction with de-blocking 320. The pixelprediction and reconstruction task 316 and the de-blocking task 320 maybe parallelized to enhance the efficiency of decoding. These tasks maybe parallelized within the picture reconstruction task group 314 at amacroblock level based on data dependencies. For example, pixelprediction and reconstruction 316 may be performed on one macroblock andfollowed by de-blocking 320. Reference pixels from the decoded pictureobtained by de-blocking 320 may be used in pixel prediction andreconstruction 316 on subsequent macroblocks. Pixel prediction andreconstruction 318 produces decoded sections 319 (e.g. decoded blocks ormacroblocks) that include neighbor pixels which may be used as inputs tothe pixel prediction and reconstruction process 318 for a subsequentmacroblock. The data dependencies for pixel prediction andreconstruction 316 allow for a certain degree of parallel processing atthe macroblock level for macroblocks in the same slice.

The post processing task group 320 may include a de-blocking filter 322that is applied to blocks in the decoded section 319 to improve visualquality and prediction performance by smoothing the sharp edges whichcan form between blocks when block coding techniques are used. Thede-blocking filter 322 may be used to improve the appearance of theresulting de-blocked sections 324.

The decoded section 319 or de-blocked sections 324 may provideneighboring pixels for use in de-blocking a neighboring macroblock. Inaddition, decoded sections 319 including sections from a currentlydecoding picture may provide reference pixels for pixel prediction andreconstruction 318 for subsequent macroblocks. It is during this stagethat pixels from within the current picture may optionally be used forpixel prediction within that same current picture as described above,independent of whether the picture (or subsections thereof) isinter-coded or intra-coded. De-blocking 320 may be parallelized on amacroblock level for macroblocks in the same picture.

The decoded sections 319 produced before post processing 320 and thepost-processed sections 324 may be stored in the same buffer, e.g., theoutput picture buffer depending on the particular codec involved. It isnoted that de-blocking is a post processing filter in H.264. BecauseH.264 uses pre-de-blocking macroblock as reference for neighboringmacroblocks intra prediction and post-de-blocking macroblocks for futurepicture macroblocks inter prediction. Because both pre- andpost-de-blocking pixels are used for prediction, the decoder or encoderhas to buffer both pre-de-blocking macroblocks and post-de-blockingmacroblocks. For most low cost consumer applications, pre-de-blockedpictures and post-de-blocked pictures share the same buffer to reducememory usage. For standards that pre-date H.264, such as MPEG2 or MPEG4except MPEG4 part 10, (note: H.264 is also called MPEG4 part 10), onlypre-post-processing macroblocks (e.g., pre-de-blocking macroblocks) areused as reference for other macroblock prediction. In such codecs, apre-filtered picture may not share the same buffer with a post filteredpicture.

Thus, for H.264, after pixel decoding, the decoded section 319 is savedin the output picture buffer. Later, the post processed sections 324replace the decoded sections 319 in the output picture buffer. Fornon-H.264 cases, the decoder only saves decoded sections 319 in theoutput picture buffer. The post processing is done at display time andthe post processing output may not share the same buffer as the decoderoutput picture buffer.

Picture Quality Oriented Rate Control Method

Aspects of the present disclosure address two issues found intraditional rate control used in low latency streaming applications inwhich the encoded frame size is capped by a limited or non VBV buffer toreduce network jitter. As is generally known to those skilled in the artVBV refers to Video Buffer Verifier, a theoretical buffer model used toensure that an encoded video stream can be correctly buffered, andplayed back at the decoder device. A larger VBV buffer size usuallyimproves quality in high action sequences, but tends to cause higherbitrate spikes.

The first issue is that a top priority of traditional rate control VBVbuffering mechanism is meeting the target bitcount. This sometimesresults in too many bits being used to encode static scenes or sceneswith little motion, which results in use of a large number of bits toencode the scene without significant visual quality improvement. Thesecond issue is that scenes with little or no motion tend to have alarge number of intra-coded sections. Too many intra-coded sections in aframe causes a false detection of a scene change, which causes theentire frame to encoded as an I-frame. Aspects of the present disclosureaddress the above two issues by selectively limiting the qualityassociated with sections of a frame for a static or low-motion scene.Aspects of the present disclosure can achieve significant savings in thenumber of bits used to encode pictures while maintaining sufficientlygood quality.

FIG. 4 illustrates an algorithm 400 for implementing a method forpicture quality oriented rate control in the context of streamingdigital picture encoding. Certain abbreviations, notations and acronymsare used in the discussion of FIG. 4 below. As used herein, thefollowing abbreviations and acronyms have the following meanings:

Coding unit: a portion of larger set of unencoded streaming data that isto be encoded. In the context of encoding of streaming picture data(e.g., streaming video) the coding units are sometimes referred toherein as sections.

Line: a row of sections (e.g., macroblocks, sub-macroblocks, blocks,pixels) is denoted a line

Line index 1 is the index to a line in a picture and is set to thecurrent section number x divided by the picture width in sections.

SATD: Sum of Absolute Transformed Differences (SATD) is a widely usedvideo quality metric used for block-matching in motion estimation forvideo compression. It works by taking a frequency transform, usually aHadamard transform, of the differences between the pixels in theoriginal block and the corresponding pixels in the block being used forcomparison. The transform itself is often of a small block rather thanthe entire macroblock. For example, in the x264 coding standard, aseries of 4×4 blocks are transformed rather than doing a moreprocessor-intensive 16×16 transform. Alternatives to the Hadamardtransform (also known as the Walsh function) include the Discrete-timeFourier transform (DTFT), the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), thediscretized short time Fourier transform (STFT), the discrete sinetransform (DST), the discrete cosine transform (DCT), regressivediscrete Fourier series, in which the period is determined by the datarather than fixed in advance, discrete chebyshev transforms, generalizedDFT (GDFT), Z-transform (a generalization of the DTFT), the Modifieddiscrete cosine transform (MDCT), and the Discrete Hartley transform(DHT).

SATD_(av)(l): average SATD calculated from the 1st line to the currentline indexed by l in the previous predictive frame (e.g., P frame)

SATD_(av)(x): average SATD calculated from the 1st section to thecurrent section x in the current predictive frame.

SATD variation: either SATD_(av)(l)/SATD_(av)(x) orSATD_(av)(x)/SATD_(av)(l), depending on whether SATD_(av)(x) is lessthan SATD_(av)(l).

QP(x): quantization parameter for a section x of a currently encodingpicture (e.g., a predictive frame).

QP′_(min)(l): minimum QP from the 1 st line up to the current lineindexed by l in the previous predictive frame.

QP_(min)(l): minimum QP up to the current line in the current predictiveframe.

QP_(min)(x): the minimum QP up to the current section in the currentpredictive frame.

W: The width of a frame expressed as a number of sections.

TH1: a threshold to control SATD variation.

TH2: a threshold to control SATD.

The proposed algorithm 400 illustrated in FIG. 4 can be used todetermine if further refinement of QP(x) is needed. Note that theprocess is performed for P-frames only.

As shown in FIG. 4, encoding for a frame begins as indicated at 402. Thevalues of QP_(min)(l) and QP_(min)(x) may be initialized, as indicatedat 404. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the value ofQP_(min)(l) may be initialized to l and the value of QP_(min)(x) may beinitialized to some number K that is greater than the maximum QP valuepermitted by the coding standard. For example, for the H.264 codingstandard QP(x) ranges from 0 to 51 and K would therefore be greater than51.

The implementation in the example illustrated in FIG. 4 uses SATD as avideo quality metric. However, aspects of the present disclosure are notlimited to such implementations. One advantage of using SATD is that itadds almost no overhead since it is available in this context. Inalternative implementations, other video quality variance metrics may beused. For example, section variance between the currently encodingpicture and the previously encoded picture may be used. In practice,using section variance (e.g., macroblock variance) might produce abetter result than using SATD, but at a cost of additional overhead forits intensive computations.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the section variancemay be defined as the sum of the squares of the of the differencesbetween each pixel value Pixel(i,j) in a section and the mean pixelvalue for the section divided by the number of pixels N in the section.For a section of (m+1)×(n+1)=N pixels, this may be expressedmathematically as:

${\left. {{VAR} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{i = m}{\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{j = n}\left( {{Pixel}\left( {i,j} \right)} \right)}} - {MEAN}}} \right)^{2}/N},$where MEAN is given by:

${MEAN} = {\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{i = m}{\sum\limits_{j = 0}^{j = n}{\left( {{Pixel}\left( {i,j} \right)} \right)/{N.}}}}$

By way of numerical example, if the section is a 16×16 pixel macroblock,m=n=15 and N=256.

The concept may be generalized to sections of arbitrary size.

Similar to the case with SATD as a video quality metric, the sectionvariation may be a ratio of a first section variance to a second sectionvariance. The first section variance may be an average variancecalculated in a previous predicted picture from a first line to acurrent line containing the current section and the second averagesection variance may be an average variance calculated from the firstsection of the currently encoding picture to the current section of thecurrently encoding picture.

The quantization parameter QP(x) is then derived for the section x inthe normal manner, as indicated at 406, e.g., using a rate controlalgorithm suitable for use with the coding standard, as discussed abovewith respect to FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C. A QP refinement routine may then becalled, as indicated at 408. The QP refinement routine uses parameters409, such as TH1 and TH2. In the QP refinement routine, if, at 410, thecurrent section x is at the beginning of a line, QP(x) is updated bysetting it equal to the maximum of QP(x) and QP₁,(l), as indicated at426. If the current section x is not at the beginning of a line and theSATD variation is less than TH1 and SATD_(av)(x) is less than or equalto TH2 at 422, QP_(min)(l) is set equal to QP′_(min(l)+)1 as indicatedat 424 before QP(x) is updated at 426.

There are a number of ways to determine whether the variance (e.g., SATDvariation) is less than TH1. By way of example, and not by way oflimitation, in FIG. 4, if the current section x is not the first sectionin a line a flag (noMo) may be set equal to zero, as indicated at 412.If, at 414, SATD_(av)(x) is less than SATD_(av)(l), the ratioSATD_(av)(x)/SATD_(av)(l) is compared to TH1 at 420 otherwise, theinverse ratio SATD_(av)(l)/SATD_(av)(x) is compared to TH1 at 416. Ifeither ratio SATD_(av)(x)/SATD_(av)(l) or SATD_(av)(l)/SATD_(av)(x) isless than TH1 the noMo flag is reset to 1 at 418, which indicates at 422that the SATD variation is less than TH1.

The values of TH1 and TH2 can be determined empirically. For example, ifexperimental results show that a variation (e.g., SATD variation) of 30%or less corresponds to known cases of no motion, then the algorithm 400may use a value of 30% for TH1. By way of example, and not by way oflimitation, TH2 may be calculated from the target number of bits perframe. One possible formula for TH2 has the form TH2=A·(NBF_(t)/B)−C,where NBF_(t) is the target number of bits per frame and A, B, and C areconstants determined empirically. In some implementations, the formulamay further restrict TH2 to lie between upper and lower limits TH2_(min) and TH2 _(max). If the formula produces a value below TH1 _(min),TH1=TH1 Likewise, if the formula produces a value above TH1 _(max),TH1=TH1 _(max).

By way of non-limiting numerical example, TH2 may be calculated using:TH2=3 ·(NB _(f)/100)−125 and limited to a range of [250,500]

Once QP(x) has been updated at 426 the current section x can be encodedusing the value of QP(x). As discussed above, a larger QP value reducesthe bit usage to encode a section. Therefore, incrementing QP(x) at 426tends to reduce the bit usage for encoding section x at 428. If, at 430,QP(x) is less than QP_(min)(x), the value of QP_(min)(x) may be adjustedto the current value of QP(x), as indicated at 432. Furthermore, thevalue of QP′_(min)(l) may be set equal to the value of QP_(min)(x), asindicated at 434. The value of QP′_(min)(l) may be stored in a table andthe value may be updated as the method 400 proceeds.

The process described above may be repeated for each section in thepicture, as indicated at 436 and 438 until the last section at whichencoding of the next picture may be triggered at 440 and the process maybegin again with the first section of the next picture.

By way of example and not by way of limitation, each section may be amacroblock (MB) and the method depicted in FIG. 4 may be implementedaccording to the pseudo-code below in which:

MBline is a row of macroblocks, also sometimes denoted as a macroblockline.

MBline_index is the index to a MBline in a frame, and is set to thecurrent MB number divided by the frame width in macroblocks, e.g.,0≤MBline_index≤33 for 960×540p video;

avg_SATD_mblines[MBline_index] is the average SATD calculated from the1st MBline to the current MBline indexed by MBline_index in the previouspredictive frame (e.g., P frame);

SATD_per_mbline is the average SATD calculated from the 1st MB to thecurrent MB in the current predictive frame;

min_qp_mblines [MBline_index] is the minimum QP from the 1st MBline upto the current MBline indexed by MBline_index in the previous predictiveframe;

mb_minqp_mbline is the minimum QP up to the current MBline in thecurrent predictive frame; and

mb_minqp is the minimum QP up to the current MB in the currentpredictive frame.

mquant is the QP for a macroblock x.

Assuming mquant is derived by a rate controller, e.g., as describedabove with respect to FIG. 2B and FIG. 2C, the proposed algorithm willdetermine if the further refinement of mquant is needed. Note that theprocess is performed for P frame only. The pseudo code of the algorithmis shown below and MB_QP_refinement is called for every MB.

/* min_qp_mbline is initially set to be 1 at the beginning of encoding aframe */ /* mb_minqp is initially set to be K, and K > 51 at thebeginning of encoding a frame */ /* mquant is QP for a macroblock x, andis derived by VCE rate control */ /* TH1 is a threshold to control SATDvariation. In our case, TH1=1.3 */ /* TH2 is a threshold to controlSATD, in our case, TH2=400 */ MB_QP_refinement ( ) { mbline_index =current_mb_num / frame_width_in_mbs; // check if a beginning of a MBline if (mbline_index > 0) { noMotion = 0; // check SATD variationbetween current and previous pictures if (SATD_per_mbline >avg_SATD_mblines [mbline_index]) {  if(SATD_per_mbline /avg_SATD_mblines [mbline_index]) < TH1 noMotion = 1; } else {  if(avg_SATD_mblines[mbline_index]/SATD_per_mbline ) < TH1 noMotion = 1; }// check SATD absolute value, and update min_qp_mbline if ((noMotion==1) && (SATD_per_mbline ≤ TH2)) min_qp_mbline = min_qp_mblines[mbline_index] +1; } //refine mquant if mquant < min_qp_mbline mquant =MAX(mquant, min_qp_mbline); // update mb_minqp if (mquant < mb_minqp)mb_minqp = mquant; // update min_qp_mblines min_qp_mblines[mbline_index] = mb_minqp; }.

Aspects of the present disclosure include systems configured toimplement quantization parameter (QP) updating for picture qualityoriented rate control in conjunction with encoding of digital pictures,as described above. By way of example, and not by way of limitation,FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of a computer system 500 that may beused to implement aspects of the present disclosure. The system 500generally may include a processor module 501 and a memory 502. Theprocessor module 501 may include one or more processor cores, e.g., insingle core, dual core, quad core, processor-coprocessor, CPU-GPU, orCell processor architectures.

The memory 502 may be in the form of an integrated circuit, e.g., RAM,DRAM, ROM, and the like. The memory may also be a main memory that isaccessible by all of the processor cores in the processor module 501. Insome embodiments, the processor module 501 may have local memoriesassociated with one or more processor cores or one or moreco-processors. A codec program 503 may be stored in the main memory 502in the form of processor readable instructions that can be executed onthe processor module 501. The codec 503 may be configured to encodedigital pictures. By way of example, and not by way of limitation, thecodec 503 may be configured to encode digital pictures or sections ofdigital pictures as discussed above with respect to FIG. 2A. The codec503 may also be configured to decode encoded digital pictures, e.g., asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 3. A rate control program 503A mayimplement rate control by deriving QP, as described with respect toFIGS. 2B-2C. A QP updater 503B may adjust QP to implement picturequality oriented rate control, as described above with respect to FIG.4. The codec 503 and Rate Controller 503A and QP updater 503B may bewritten in any suitable processor readable language, e.g., C, C++, JAVA,Assembly, MATLAB, FORTRAN and a number of other languages.

Input or output data 507 may be stored in memory 502. During executionof the codec 503, rate controller 503A, and/or QP updater 503B, portionsof program code, parameters 505A, 505B and/or data 507 may be loadedinto the memory 502 or the local stores of processor cores forprocessing by the processor 501. By way of example, and not by way oflimitation, the input data 507 may include video pictures, or sectionsthereof, before encoding or decoding or at intermediate stages ofencoding or decoding. In the case of encoding, the data 507 may includebuffered portions of streaming data, e.g., unencoded video pictures orportions thereof. In the case of decoding, the data 507 may includeinput data in the form of un-decoded sections, sections that have beendecoded, but not post-processed and sections that have been decoded andpost-processed. Such input data may include data packets containing datarepresenting one or more coded sections of one or more digital pictures.By way of example, and not by way of limitation, such data packets mayinclude a set of transform coefficients and a partial set of predictionparameters. These various sections may be stored in one or more buffers.In particular, decoded and/or post processed sections may be stored inan output picture buffer implemented in the memory 502. The parameters505A, 505B include adjustable parameters 505A, such as QP_(min)(x),QP_(min)(l), SATD_(av)(x), and SATD_(av)(l) that are re-calculatedduring the course of encoding, rate control, or QP updating. Theparameters also include fixed parameters 505B, such as TH1, TH2 thatremain fixed during the encoding of a picture or over the course ofencoding multiple pictures.

The system 500 may also include well-known support functions 510, suchas input/output (I/O) elements 511, power supplies (P/S) 512, a clock(CLK) 513 and cache 514. The apparatus 500 may optionally include a massstorage device 515 such as a disk drive, CD-ROM drive, tape drive, orthe like to store programs and/or data. The device 800 may alsooptionally include a display unit 516 and user interface unit 518 tofacilitate interaction between the apparatus 500 and a user. The displayunit 516 may be in the form of a cathode ray tube (CRT) or flat panelscreen that displays text, numerals, graphical symbols or images. Theuser interface 518 may include a keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen,or other device that may be used in conjunction with a graphical userinterface (GUI). The apparatus 500 may also include a network interface520 to enable the device to communicate with other devices over anetwork 522, such as the internet. These components may be implementedin hardware, software, or firmware, or some combination of two or moreof these.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, the system 500 maytransmit encoded or unencoded streaming data to other devices connectedto the network 522 or receive encoded or unencoded streaming date fromsuch devices via the network interface 520. In a particularimplementation, encoded streaming data in the form of one or moreencoded sections of a digital picture and/or one or more frames ofencoded video may be transmitted from the system over the network 522.To implement transmitting or receiving streaming data, the processormodule may execute instructions implementing a network protocol stack.

By way of example, and not by way of limitation, digital pictures may begenerated with a digital camera, which may be part of the user interface518 or which may be a separate peripheral coupled to the system 500,e.g., via the I/O elements 511. According to some aspects, the digitalpictures may be generated by a software application executed by theprocessor module 501.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a computing system 600 that isconfigured to generate, encode, and transmit digital pictures inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The system 600 may beconfigured to render graphics for an application 665 with in accordancewith aspects described above. According to aspects of the presentdisclosure, the system 600 may be an embedded system, mobile phone,personal computer, tablet computer, portable game device, workstation,game console, and the like.

The system 600 may generally include a processor module and a memoryconfigured to implemented aspects of the present disclosure, e.g., bygenerating digital pictures, encoding the digital pictures by performinga method having features in common with the method of FIG. 4, andtransmitting the encoded pictures over a network. In the illustratedexample, the processor module may include a central processing unit(CPU) 670, a graphics processing unit (GPU) 671, and a memory 672. Thememory 672 may optionally include a main memory unit that is accessibleto both the CPU and GPU, and portions of the main memory may optionallyinclude portions of the graphics memory 650. The CPU 670 and GPU 671 mayeach include one or more processor cores, e.g., a single core, twocores, four cores, eight cores, or more. The CPU 670 and GPU 671 may beconfigured to access one or more memory units using a data bus 676, and,in some implementations, it may be useful for the system 600 to includetwo or more different buses.

The memory 672 may include one or more memory units in the form ofintegrated circuits that provides addressable memory, e.g., RAM, DRAM,and the like. The graphics memory 650 may temporarily store graphicsresources, graphics buffers, and other graphics data for a graphicsrendering pipeline. The graphics buffers may include, e.g., one or morevertex buffers for storing vertex parameter values and one or more indexbuffers for storing vertex indices. The graphics buffers may alsoinclude a one or more render targets 693, which may include both colorbuffers 694 and depth buffers 696 holding pixel/sample values computedas a result of execution of instructions by the CPU 670 and GPU 671. Incertain implementations, the color buffers 694 and/or depth buffers 696may be used to determine a final array of display pixel color values tobe stored in a display buffer 697, which may make up a final renderedimage intended for presentation on a display. In certainimplementations, the display buffer may include a front buffer and oneor more back buffers, and the GPU 671 may be configured to scanoutgraphics frames from the front buffer of the display buffer 697 forpresentation on a display 686.

The CPU may be configured to execute CPU code, which may include anapplication 665 that utilizes rendered graphics (such as a video game)and a corresponding graphics API 667 for issuing draw commands or drawcalls to programs implemented by the GPU 671 based on the state of theapplication 665. The CPU code may also implement physics simulations andother functions.

To support the rendering of graphics, the GPU may execute shaders 673,which may include vertex shaders and pixel shaders. The GPU may alsoexecute other shader programs, such as, e.g., geometry shaders,tessellation shaders, compute shaders, and the like. In someimplementations, the GPU may include a Video Coding Engine (VCE) 674configured to implement video encoding and decoding tasks including, butnot limited to, encoding digital pictures or sections of digitalpictures as discussed above with respect to FIG. 2A, implementing ratecontrol by deriving QP, as described with respect to FIGS. 2B-2C, andadjusting QP to implement picture quality oriented rate control, asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 4. The GPU may also includespecialized hardware modules 678, which may include one or more texturemapping units and/or other hardware modules configured to implementoperations at one or more stages of a graphics pipeline, which may befixed function operations. The shaders 673 and hardware modules 678 mayinterface with data in the memory 650 and the buffers 693 at variousstages in the pipeline before the final pixel values are output to adisplay. The GPU may include a rasterizer module 675, which may beoptionally embodied in a hardware module 678 of the GPU, a shader 673,or a combination thereof. The rasterization module 675 may be configuredtake multiple samples of primitives for screen space pixels and invokeone or more pixel shaders according to the nature of the samples, inaccordance with aspects of the present disclosure.

The system 600 may also include well-known support functions 677, whichmay communicate with other components of the system, e.g., via the bus676. Such support functions may include, but are not limited to,input/output (I/O) elements 679, power supplies (P/S) 680, a clock (CLK)681, and a cache 682. The apparatus 600 may optionally include a massstorage device 684 such as a disk drive, CD-ROM drive, flash memory,tape drive, Blu-ray drive, or the like to store programs and/or data.The device 600 may also include a display unit 686 to present renderedgraphics 687 to a user and user interface unit 688 to facilitateinteraction between the apparatus 600 and a user. The display unit 686may be in the form of a flat panel display, cathode ray tube (CRT)screen, touch screen, head mounted display (HMD) or other device thatcan display text, numerals, graphical symbols, or images. The display686 may display rendered graphics 687 processed in accordance withvarious techniques described herein. The user interface 688 may one ormore peripherals, such as a keyboard, mouse, joystick, light pen, gamecontroller, touch screen, and/or other device that may be used inconjunction with a graphical user interface (GUI). In certainimplementations, the state of the application 660 and the underlyingcontent of the graphics may be determined at least in part by user inputthrough the user interface 688, e.g., in video gaming implementationswhere the application 665 includes a video game.

The system 600 may also include a network interface 690 to enable thedevice to communicate with other devices over a network. The network maybe, e.g., a local area network (LAN), a wide area network such as theinternet, a personal area network, such as a Bluetooth network or othertype of network. Various ones of the components shown and described maybe implemented in hardware, software, or firmware, or some combinationof two or more of these. In some implementations, the CPU code mayoptionally include a codec 668 configured to encode digital picturesgenerated by the GPU. By way of example, and not by way of limitation,the codec 668 may be configured to encode digital pictures or sectionsof digital pictures as discussed above with respect to FIG. 2A,implement rate control by deriving QP, as described with respect toFIGS. 2B-2C, and adjust QP to implement picture quality oriented ratecontrol, as described above with respect to FIG. 4. The codec 668 or VCE676 may also be configured to decode encoded digital pictures, e.g., asdescribed above with respect to FIG. 3. The CPU code may also include anetwork protocol stack 669 configured to allow the system 600 totransmit the resulting encoded pictures or encoded sections over thenetwork via the network interface 690.

The memory 672 may store parameters 605 and/or picture data 607 or otherdata. During execution of programs, such as the application 665,graphics API 667, or codec 668, portions of program code, parameters 605and/or data 607 may be loaded into the memory 672 or cache 682 forprocessing by the CPU 670 and/or GPU 671. By way of example, and not byway of limitation, the picture data 607 may include data correspondingvideo pictures, or sections thereof, before encoding or decoding or atintermediate stages of encoding or decoding. In the case of encoding,the picture data 607 may include buffered portions of streaming data,e.g., unencoded video pictures or portions thereof. In the case ofdecoding, the data 607 may include input data in the form of un-decodedsections, sections that have been decoded, but not post-processed andsections that have been decoded and post-processed. Such input data mayinclude data packets containing data representing one or more codedsections of one or more digital pictures. By way of example, and not byway of limitation, such data packets may include a set of transformcoefficients and a partial set of prediction parameters. These varioussections may be stored in one or more buffers. In particular, decodedand/or post processed sections may be stored in an output buffer, whichmay be implemented in the memory 672. The parameters 605 may includeadjustable parameters and/or fixed parameters, as discussed above.

Programs implemented by the CPU and/or GPU (e.g., CPU code, GPU code,application 665, graphics API 667, codec 668, protocol stack 669, andshaders 673) may be stored as executable or compilable instructions in anon-transitory computer readable medium, e.g., a volatile memory, (e.g.,RAM) such as the memory 672, the graphics memory 650, or a non-volatilestorage device (e.g., ROM, CD-ROM, disk drive, flash memory).

Aspects of the present disclosure provide for reduced bit usage andtherefore better usage of available bandwidth in streaming dataapplications, such as streaming video. Aspects of the present disclosuremay be incorporated into systems that produce digital pictures, encodethem for transmission over a network, and transmit them over thenetwork.

While the above is a complete description of the preferred embodiment ofthe present invention, it is possible to use various alternatives,modifications and equivalents. Therefore, the scope of the presentinvention should be determined not with reference to the abovedescription but should, instead, be determined with reference to theappended claims, along with their full scope of equivalents. Any featuredescribed herein, whether preferred or not, may be combined with anyother feature described herein, whether preferred or not. In the claimsthat follow, the indefinite article “A”, or “An” refers to a quantity ofone or more of the item following the article, except where expresslystated otherwise. The appended claims are not to be interpreted asincluding means-plus-function limitations, unless such a limitation isexplicitly recited in a given claim using the phrase “means for.”

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: determining a derivedquantization parameter for a section of a currently encoding picture ofa plurality of pictures to produce an updated quantization parameterwhen the current section is not the first section in a current line ofsections of the currently encoding picture and a ratio of a firstaverage sum of absolute Transformed differences (SATD) to a secondaverage SATD, is less than a first threshold, wherein the first averageSATD is an average SATD calculated in a previous predicted picture froma first line to a current line containing the current section and thesecond average SATD is an average SATD calculated from the first sectionof the currently encoding picture to the current section of thecurrently encoding picture and an average sum of absolute transformeddifferences from a first line to the current line of sections of thecurrently encoding picture is less than or equal to a second thresholdand the derived quantization parameter is less than a minimumquantization parameter for the currently encoding picture, wherein thevalue of the updated quantization parameter is equal to the value of theminimum quantization parameter, wherein the minimum quantizationparameter is the minimum quantization parameter from a previous sectionincremented by one or an initial value of at least one wherein theminimum quantization parameter value is updated before encoding; andencoding the section using the updated quantization parameter to producean encoded section.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the currentlyencoding frame is a predicted frame.
 3. The method of claim 1, whereinthe section of the currently encoding picture is a macroblock.
 4. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising, deriving the derived quantizationparameter.
 5. The method of claim 1, further comprising, receiving thederived quantization parameter from a rate controller or quantizationparameter updater.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprisingtransmitting the encoded section over a network.
 7. The method of claim1, further comprising, for a plurality of sections of the currentlyencoding picture, incrementing a derived quantization parameter for eachsection of the plurality of sections to produce a corresponding updatedquantization parameter when the derived quantization parameter is lessthan a minimum quantization parameter for the currently encodingpicture; and encoding each section of the plurality using thecorresponding quantization parameter.
 8. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising, for all unencoded sections of the currently encodingpicture, incrementing a derived quantization parameter for eachunencoded section to produce a corresponding updated quantizationparameter when the derived quantization parameter is less than a minimumquantization parameter for the currently encoding picture; and encodingeach unencoded section using the corresponding quantization parameter toproduce an encoded picture.
 9. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising, for all unencoded sections of the currently encodingpicture, incrementing a derived quantization parameter for eachunencoded section to produce a corresponding updated quantizationparameter when the derived quantization parameter is less than a minimumquantization parameter for the currently encoding picture; encoding eachunencoded section using the corresponding quantization parameter toproduce an encoded picture; and transmitting the encoded picture over anetwork.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising generating thecurrently encoding picture.
 11. The method of claim 1, furthercomprising generating the currently encoding picture using a video gameprogram.
 12. A system, comprising: a processor module; a memory coupledto the processor, wherein the memory contains executable instructionsconfigured to implement a method upon execution, the method comprising:determining a derived quantization parameter for a section of acurrently encoding picture of a plurality of pictures to produce anupdated quantization parameter when the current section is not the firstsection in a current line of sections of the currently encoding pictureand a ratio of a first average sum of absolute Transformed differences(SATD) to a second average SATD, is less than a first threshold, whereinthe first average SATD is an average SATD calculated in a previouspredicted picture from a first line to a current line containing thecurrent section and the second average SATD is an average SATDcalculated from the first section of the currently encoding picture tothe current section of the currently encoding picture and an average sumof absolute transformed differences from a first line to the currentline of sections of the currently encoding picture is less than or equalto a second threshold and the derived quantization parameter is lessthan a minimum quantization parameter for the currently encodingpicture, wherein the value of the updated quantization parameter isequal to the value of the minimum quantization parameter, wherein theminimum quantization parameter is the minimum quantization parameterfrom a previous section incremented by one or an initial value of atleast one, wherein the minimum quantization parameter value is updatedbefore encoding; and encoding the section using the updated quantizationparameter.
 13. The system of claim 12, wherein the executableinstructions are further configured to implement the following uponexecution: for a plurality of sections of the currently encodingpicture, incrementing a derived quantization parameter for each sectionof the plurality of sections to produce a corresponding updatedquantization parameter when the derived quantization parameter is lessthan a minimum quantization parameter for the currently encodingpicture; and encoding each section of the plurality using thecorresponding quantization parameter.
 14. The system of claim 13,wherein the executable instructions are further configured to implementthe following upon execution: for all unencoded sections of thecurrently encoding picture, incrementing a derived quantizationparameter for each unencoded section to produce a corresponding updatedquantization parameter when the derived quantization parameter is lessthan a minimum quantization parameter for the currently encodingpicture; and encoding each unencoded section using the correspondingquantization parameter to produce an encoded picture.
 15. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the executable instructions are further configured toimplement the following upon execution: for all unencoded sections ofthe currently encoding picture, incrementing a derived quantizationparameter for each unencoded section to produce a corresponding updatedquantization parameter when the derived quantization parameter is lessthan a minimum quantization parameter for the currently encodingpicture; encoding each unencoded section using the correspondingquantization parameter to produce an encoded picture; and transmittingthe encoded picture over a network.
 16. The system of claim 13, whereinthe processor module is configured to generate the currently encodingpicture.
 17. A non-transitory computer readable medium having embodiedtherein computer readable instructions configured, to implement amethod, the method comprising: determining a derived quantizationparameter for a section of a currently encoding picture of a pluralityof pictures to produce an updated quantization parameter when thecurrent section is not the first section in a current line of sectionsof the currently encoding picture and a ratio of a first average sum ofabsolute Transformed differences (SATD) to a second average SATD, isless than a first threshold, wherein the first average SATD is anaverage SATD calculated in a previous predicted picture from a firstline to a current line containing the current section and the secondaverage SATD is an average SATD calculated from the first section of thecurrently encoding picture to the current section of the currentlyencoding picture and an average sum of absolute transformed differencesfrom a first line to the current line of sections of the currentlyencoding picture is less than or equal to a second threshold and thederived quantization parameter is less than a minimum quantizationparameter for the currently encoding picture, wherein the value of theupdated quantization parameter is equal to the value of the minimumquantization parameter, wherein the minimum quantization parameter isthe minimum quantization parameter from a previous section incrementedby one or an initial value of at least one, wherein the minimumquantization parameter value is updated before encoding; and encodingthe section using the updated quantization parameter.